Wedge and Dash Projection Definition and Example

A wedge and dash projection is a drawing, a means of representing a molecule in which three types of lines are used in order to represent the three-dimensional structure: Solid lines to represent bonds that are in the plane of the paperDashed lines to represent bonds that extend away from the viewerWedge-shaped lines to represent bonds oriented facing the viewer Although there is no hard-and-fast rule for drawing a wedge and dash structure, most people find it easiest to visualize the three-dimensional shape of a molecule if the pair of bonds in the same plane as the paper is drawn next to each other, and the bonds in front of and behind the plane are also drawn next to each other (as in the example shown). Although the wedge-and-dash is the most common method of representing molecules in 3D, there are other diagrams you may encounter, including the sawhorse diagram and Newman projections.

The Effects Of Bullying On Children And Middle Adulthood...

Bullying is defined as the prolonged malicious act of harming peers by abusing their own--or an existing imbalance of--power, and has become one of the most common sources of trauma among adolescents. One report shows that one of three children were victims of bullying during some point in their life, and that 10-14% of all adolescents were victims of chronic bullying for at least six months prior to participating in the survey. Children who were victims of bullying are also found to be at a higher risk of diagnoses for anxiety disorders and depression during young and middle adulthood. These victims are reported to be more likely to have lower levels of general/physical health, and lower educational acquirements than young and middle-aged adults who were not bullied (Wolke Lereya, 2015). Because bullying is such a prominent problem, citizens, policymakers, and social scientists alike, should feel or have some social and moral obligation to address, and hopefully avert bullying. The state of bullying, and how it is enacted, is constantly changing and adapting to social frameworks. Because bullies can adapt to social changes and regulations, we, as a society, should be equally adaptive in how we perceive, address, prevent, and punish bullying. Before taking steps to prevent bullying, it is important to first understand where concentrated problems exist and originate. The three most prominent forms of bullying among adolescents are physical, relational, and cyberbullyingShow MoreRelatedThe Long-Term Effects of Bullying Essay1409 Words   |  6 Pagesgrowing concerns and effects of bullying. Its epidemic is also starting to become closely related to the growing numbers of suicide rates amongst adolescents within the United States and across the globe. However, there are several adults that may take bullying lightly thinking that it is just a part of kids being kids. Whereas to an adolescent, bullying can cause long-term effects as they transition into adulthood. However, in order for one to examine the long-term effects of bullying one must be ableRead MoreNegative Effects Of Bullying1232 Words   |  5 Pages Bullying is a continuing problem that has affected individuals from their childhood and continuing well into adulthood. Consequences of bullying are vast in their potential to negatively impact the person s physical, emotional, and psychological state of well being. The poor management of stress brought by the onset of bullying affects social health both short term and long term foreshadowing numerous potential risk factors and actions. Prevalent issues in victims include higher chances of mentalRead MoreBullying Essay971 Words   |  4 Pagesbullying has created lots of problems in school and outside of schools in society today. Picking on someone could very well change someone behavior. Bullying can ruin people lives if they are teased often. Younger and older kids in school are fatally injured, which needs to be taken care of before it starts and get out of hand. Bullying in first grade or going into middle school. Television violence, families in poverty, mis-teachings, music, a nd pictures have influence younger and older people,Read MoreThe Effects Of Bullying On Children s Presentation On Bullying953 Words   |  4 PagesFollowing Group one’s presentation on bullying, this paper will look further into the outcomes of bullying. The group, as well as all three of my article mentioned depression, anxiety, and loneliness as the main outcomes of bullying, whether that is short term or long (Group one, personal communications, November 18, 2015; Bannink, Broeren, van de Looij – Jansen, de Waart, Raat, 2014; Gruber Fineran, 2008; van der Wal, de Wit, Hirasing, 2003). These outcomes are present for both genders, butRead MoreNegative and Positive Effects of Peer Relationships1564 Words   |  7 PagesPossessing a functional or dysfunctional family is of much importance to a healthy development, helping children through peer pressure, acceptance, and the anxiety of belonging. Yet how important is the environment that a child is raised on, this being shared or non-shared? How difficult or easy can peer pressure be? Will peer pressure help or deter a child from being functional. How much do these factors affect development from childhood to adolescence? This paper will explain the different stagesRead MoreThe Effect Of Teen Bullying Essay1618 Words   |  7 Pages The Effects of Teen Bullying Bullying is defined as a superior strength or influence to intimidate someone, typically to force him or her to do what they want. Teenage bullying is a serious problem in school and it is not always physical. There are several types of bullying including physical, verbal ,emotional, covert and cyberbullying. Physical bullying can include fighting, hitting, kicking, etc. while emotional bullying can include gossiping or leaving someoneRead MoreEffects Of Bullying On Kids : Do Actions Speak Louder Than Words? How Much Harm?1620 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of Bullying on Kids Do actions speak louder than words? How much harm can a word produce? Loser. Fatty. Nerd. Nobody. Worthless. Bullying has always been an issue in childhood and high school, but it isn t until this decade that the spotlight has really focused on the damage it produces in a child s life. In the past, adults just thought bullying was an innocent way kids expressed their feelings but now we have seen the true darkness in this problem. In 2007, almost a third of kids inRead MoreThe Emotional Development Of Young Children1085 Words   |  5 PagesThe emotional development in young children plays a very important role throughout their lives especially in their education. From birth to about eight years of age, children are learning the meaning behind each emotion and how to appropriately use them to express themselves. Erik Erikson, psychologist, created an 8 socioemotional stage development theory explaining what skills were being developed at certain ages. Parental monitoring is importa nt during childhood to determine their emotional progressRead MoreThe Social Problem Of Peer Pressure1659 Words   |  7 Pagespressured into bullying by their peers and conforming to peer pressure that leads to Cyber-bullying and Cyber-crimes. Bullies are misinterpreted as perpetrators; however, they were at some point victims too and created due to lack of social intervention and significantly affected by the victimization by their peers. Cyberbullying: Through the eyes of children and young people, it acknowledges how bullying has entered a â€Å"digital era† and the need for professionals and adults to protect the children by helpingRead MoreFactors That Influence Lgbt Peoples Health Through The Lens Of Violence1717 Words   |  7 PagesEducational attainment can be threatened by several forms of violence like bullying, victimization, harassment and hate crime in the school environment. The concomitant effect is a poor health outcome. â€Å"Bullying is a form of violence characterized as an aggressive behavior that is unprovoked and intended to cause harm† (Hightow-Weidman, Philips, Jones, Outlaw, Fields Smith, 2011). A major underlying attitude that influences bullying directed at LGBT youth is homophobia (Hong Garbarino, 2012, p.272)

Building a Campfire There are many different campf Essay Example For Students

Building a Campfire There are many different campf Essay ire structures that can be built to start a fire while camping. The most common are the teepee, log cabin, dugout, and tunnel structures. Almost anyone can build these fires if he or she follows some key points. A fire needs three elements: air, fuel, and an ignition of some kind. For a campfire the air element is easily accessible; its the air a person breaths or oxygen. Fuel is equivalent to wood. Sometimes lighter fluid is used to start big fires immediately, but usually when dealing with a campfire the fuel is wood. Ignition can come from a spark, match, or lighter. It is anything that initially starts the fire. Going deeper into wood, there are three categories to classify it under. Kindling is the stuff that is easiest to burn. It could be leaves, dryer lint, or very small twigs. The next size of wood is sticks and small logs. These will range in size from one half inch to two inches in diameter. Anything larger than this is classified as the fuel. The fuel is the big logs that will burn for hours. When a fire is started it needs to be built like this: kindling first, then sticks and small logs, and then the fuel, once the fire is going good. Using this technique with the following fire structures will ensure hot easy fires. The teepee style structure is probably the most used and easiest to build, but doesnt necessarily result in the hottest or longest burning campfire. To build this fire think about the name teepee. The end result before burning this structure looks like an Indians teepee (If the teepee shape is not familiar, then envision a conic shape). Start by placing the intermediate size wood or sticks in the ground in a circular shape about eight to twelve inches in diameter, leaning the tips of the sticks together in the center. The sticks should already start to resemble a teepee shape. Continue layering the walls of the teepee with more sticks, but not too thick, because air needs to be able to pass through the walls easily. Leave a hole on one side large enough to place kindling inside the stick walls. This hole is also left to light the kindling from the inside and may be filled in once the fire is lit. Once this is completed, the structure should be a recognizable teepee or cone shape. The kindling should be lit on the underside inside the teepee walls through the hole that was left. Due to this easy structure, when the smaller sized twigs start to fall in and burn up, larger sized sticks can be placed on the outside in the same manner as before, keeping the teepee shape. A log cabin campfire structure is just as easy to build as a teepee, but must be built more accurately in order for the fire to burn efficiently. In the same way the teepee name resembled its shape, so does the log cabin. Its built by placing two sticks parallel to each other, and than another two on top parallel to each other also, but perpendicular to the previously laid sticks. When viewing the structure from the top it should look like a square. Continuing this procedure while sliding each layer to the middle slightly will produce a pyramid shape without a top. The end result will appear to be a miniature log cabin that grows narrower towards the top. In the center of this cabin is where the kindling is placed. When lighting this structure, a hole might have to be dug under one side if there isnt enough clearance to light the kindling from the bottom side. After its lit, sticks can be laid across the top like a roof, and then eventually the fuel will be laid on top too. The next two structures are to be built when there isnt a fire ring in the campsite and a hole needs to be dug to contain the fire. The first of the two, the dugout, is started by digging a hole. The initial hole should be slightly oval in shape and reach .

Recent Drops In The Stock Market Essays - Stock Market, Capitalism

Recent Drops In The Stock Market Recently, the stock market has been very unstable. After a period of extremely good business and market highs, it seems we are experiencing just the opposite. The market has become increasingly unsure and risky, even with well known companies. I believe the shift in the stock market is based partly with the oil crisis caused by OPEC and partly with constant bad reports presented by companies. Maybe if assessment firms gave good reports more often than bad ones, the market would go up. The market is such a roller coaster now that it is virtually impossible to predict even the most trustworthy stocks like Wal-Mart or Yahoo!. For instance, the technology company Sony, which just released a new video game system, has dropped like a rock on the market. In three days, their stock dropped over six points. Considering they have a brand new, highly recommended gaming system, shouldnt their stock be going up? They claim to have under-shipped, but what kind of excuse is that? The public knows that a large and powerful company like Sony has the

150 Informative Essay Topics For Students In 2019

150 Informative Essay Topics To Create A Good Paper Are you wondering what an informational essay is or need help with informative essay topics? You have definitely come to the right place. can explain exactly what this paper requires and how it is structured. We can also help you with informative essay ideas. Keep reading! What Is An Informative Essay? An informative paper is all about teaching your audience about something. You can choose any informative paper topics to write. The main goal is to explain something to the reader that they do not know about. It is not about giving your opinion or persuading your audience to take sides – it is all about the facts. Where To Get Informative Essay Ideas? Do you need good informative topics to write about but do not know where to find them? It can be difficult knowing where to find original and interesting persuasive essay topics. But at , you can view some fantastic ideas, and informative essay prompts. They are all in one place, and there are lots of different informative writing topics on every subject for school or college. Good Informative Essay Topics Do you want to start writing your informative essay today? It can be difficult to think of a topic off the top of your head. So, we have listed 150 of the best essay topics below so that you can gain some inspiration. You can either create your own using our list as a prompt, or you can borrow a title – the choice is yours. If you still struggle to find something that you can write about, you can always consider our professional fast essay writing service. Informative Process Analysis Essay Topics Ways to make plants grow faster. Methods to tackle the fear of flying. How to beat sleep paralysis. How to stop bad habits becoming out of control. Ways to prepare and plan a birthday party. The steps to losing fat. Methods to build muscle. Ways to stop an obsession with food. Tricks and tips that experts use to start their career. Tricks to get good grades in school. Ways to get a driving license. Methods for saving money. Getting the best deal for home insurance. Ways to move your belongings to a new home. How to create a debate argument. Ways to stop drinking. Ways to redecorate a home. Methods for buying a good but used car. How to get a new job. Ways to pay for college. Interesting Informative Essay Topics Ways that illegal immigration is affecting the United States. President Trump and his plan for the border. The aftermath of World War I. The evolving trend of anti-abortion legislation. The consequences of overpopulated prisons. The revolving door of crime. Childhood precursors for mental health problems. The reasons for homelessness in San Francisco. Cybercrime and ways it is causing problems in the modern world. The education system is changing. The rising rate of poverty in the western world. Overcoming pressure in college. The NHS: is it time to privatize healthcare? The reasons for high suicide rates in young males. The events that led up to World War II. How Europe is tackling extremism. Alcoholism and ways the Government can help. How can we make sure superbugs do not mutate? Video games and how they can encourage violence. Causes of adolescent violence and how it can be prevented. Informative Essay Topics For College Students Reasons why we should be worried about global warming. The evolution of the vegan lifestyle. Leaders and presidents who have made a difference. The effects of acid rain. What is cybercrime? The importance of reducing your carbon footprint. Ways that you can secure your dream job. Education from online universities. The effects of banning animal testing. Socialism and how it can work. How the UK Parliament works. Is the House of Lords useful? Should the world be worried about global warming? How many planets are in space? What is considered white collar crime? Restrictions on free speech: the consequences. The meaning of a solar eclipse. The consequences of obesity on life expectancy. How are laws passed in the United States? Is education better at top-ranked universities? Recycling and how it can save our planet. Informative Essay Topics For High School Do you have to go to college or university to achieve success? Is bullying in high school damaging to your self-esteem in the future? How society can tackle child abuse. World War II events and significant moments. The chain of events leading to World War I. How the UK appeased Hitler. Discussing the Iraq war. Describing pointillism and its influence. The poorest cities in the USA. The branches of government in the United States. Discussing the gun control debate. Considering the effects of the civil war. Results of global warming. How does electricity work? The differences between the old and new testament. The biggest stadiums around the globe. How to become a Lord. Who are the richest people in the world? Indian culture and how it has changed. How important is it to get a college degree? Folklore in Scotland. The most interesting music events in the world. What happens during keyhole surgery? How to have a career in the gaming world. What is OCD and its effects? Informative Essay Topics For Middle School How school uniform can bring children together. How are national parks significant? Can wild animals become pets? The evolution of Captain America. What are the best vitamins for good health? Can violence on television be a bad influence? How to stitch clothing. How you can achieve the best grades. What do dreams mean? It is beneficial to become an exchange student? How to read a map correctly. The best way to work a compass. The best subjects to study at school. My favourite vacation. How tanning can be dangerous for your skin. How knitting is a skill for life. Can music make you more intelligent? Should television shows be monitored for children? The healthy foods all children should be eating. How to train a dog. Informative And Surprising Essay Topics The real cost of college textbooks. How a clear thesis statement is important. How to hook your reader within the first paragraph. Music censorship and how it is affecting us. Freedom of speech: how it has changed. Are drugs spreading around prisons? Should a life sentence mean life? Does prison work? The effects of childhood obesity. Should fast food chains be banned? Can the government do more for the homeless? Should guns be allowed on college campuses? Gun violence is on the rise –Â  what can be done? Are sunbeds linked to skin cancer? Are tattoos still an indication of crime? Ways to treat anorexia. Should prostitution be legalized? What will the effects of Brexit be? Should there be a second Scottish Independence referendum? Can winning the lottery destroy your life? The damage of procrastination. How to beat stress. Helping victims of domestic violence. Caffeine addiction. Easy Informative Essay Topics Discussing veganism. The effects of domestic abuse. The tactics of American football. How to play baseball. The importance of having two hands on the wheel. For and against immigration. The pros and cons of giving blood. The significant role of exercise for a healthy lifestyle. The dangers of gambling. Should you drink more than one coffee a day? The effect of legalizing gay marriage. The considerations before surgery. The career of Tiger Woods. The success of Simon Cowell. The influences of modern art. How Picasso inspired other artists. The importance of team work. How poverty affects society. Is the broken windows theory true? How stress can affect your health. How To Write A Good Informative Essay? Once you have your proposal essay ideas, it is time to start writing. The best way to introduce your informational topic is with an introduction. You can introduce your thesis statement and what you are looking to achieve in your paper. The next part is the main body of your informative writing. You can break your paper into sections that are logical and guide your reader through the topic you describe. You can include secondary sources and share arguments on the subject. Then it is time for the conclusion. This summarizes the main points you have made so that you can remind your audience of what they have read. You will also want to reiterate your thesis statement. Do not forget to format and reference all of the sources you have used in your essay. This includes creating a bibliography page. All good informative essays start with interesting and engaging informative essay topics. You can use for help and to make sure that you achieve a good grade for your paper.

The Point of View in Porphyrias Lover by Robert Browning

The Point of View in Porphyrias Lover by Robert Browning 'Porphyria's Lover' is an exhilarating love story given from a lunatic's point of view. It is the story of a man who is so obsessed with Porphyria that he decides to keep her for himself. The only way he feels he can keep her, though, is by killing her. Robert Browning's poem depicts the separation of social classes and describes the 'triumph' of one man over an unjust society. As is often the case in fiction, the speaker of 'Porphyria's Lover' does not give accurate information in the story.The speaker is a deranged man who will stop at nothing to keep his dear Porphyria. Although the introduction refers to the weather, it also does an effective job in describing the speaker. In this case, it is nighttime, and the thunder is roaring. The speaker starts by saying: 'The rain set early in tonight,/The sullen wind was soon awake,/ It tore the elm-tops down for spite,/ And did its worst to vex the lake(Barnet 567):' This description gives the reader the first glimpse of what is yet to co me.English: 1881 caricature of Robert Browning: scann...These turbulent words help give the poem a gloomy feeling.When Porphyria arrives at the speaker's cottage, she is dripping wet. The speaker makes it an important point to describe her after her arrival. The description of the articles of clothing that Porphyria is wearing helps the reader know that Porphyria is from an upper-class family. She was wearing a cloak and shawl, a hat, and gloves. It is apparent that the speaker works for Porphyria's family. He lives in a cottage, somewhat distant from the main house. The cottage is cold until Porphyria warms up the room with her presence and by stirring up the fire. The way the speaker introduces Porphyria is very unique. He states that...

Eithics reflection paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Eithics reflection - Research Paper Example This goes to prove that people always care about their own than that of others when these two choices conflict, and people also always tend to be concerned not with their own greatest good but with the pursuit of something that they know or believe to be to their own detriment. While relativism is the philosophy that denies absolutes of either validity or of truth, while claiming that all things are relative and subjective depending on consideration and perception (Kreeft 28), there are no absolutes anywhere in reality. For example, religious relativism states that there is no absolute religion, no absolute truest or best religious relationship with the Absolute Being. While as metaphysical relativism states that there is no Absolute Being, God and no absolute anywhere in reality (Kreef 28). On the other hand, utilitarian ethics is the discipline that asserts that the moral worth of an action is only dependable by its contribution to the overall utility. This means that the end justi fies the means (mill vii). Some philosophers hold the view that at times, the illegality of an action makes it morally wrong, even if the action would otherwise have been morally acceptable.

Effect of Long-term Deposition of Phosphate and Nitrogen on Lab Report

Effect of Long-term Deposition of Phosphate and Nitrogen on Pphosphatase Activity in Moss - Lab Report Example These plants are very important in the ecosystem as they create a significant buffer system for other plants around them (Speck 1941). Plants from this family can also be a distinct indicator of the quality of the environment surrounding them, as most of them can be sensitive to the moisture present in the atmosphere (Small 1933). Mosses and liverworts contain several secondary metabolites being investigated for various agricultural, phytochemical, and pharmacological products. This experiment was aimed at comparing phosphatase enzyme rate in moss species Hypnumjutlandicum, having received prior treatment of nitrogen and phosphate. Two different hypotheses were tested on two different variables, the nitrogen, and the phosphate. The first hypothesis was that phosphate will increase the rate of the phosphatase activity and the second was that nitrogen would decrease the rate of the phosphatase activity. The test tubes containing different moss sample nutrient treatment were labeled to avoid contamination of the solutions. About 2 cm of each moss sample was placed in each of the labeled test tubes followed by 2.5 ml of deionized water and the contents of the test tubes mixed. A total of 2.5 ml of 10 mm nitrophenyl phosphate (NPP) was then added to the mixture and the stopwatch started to record time. The mixtures were left to stand for thirty minutes at room temperature to ensure that the enzyme substrate does not denature since enzymes have a working optimum temperature beyond which they denature. The test tubes were shaken at an interval of five minutes. A solution of 5 ml of 0.2M NaOH was placed in each of the six labeled test tubes. A pipette was used to draw 0.5 ml of the NPP/moss/ water assay solution into each of the test tubes containing 5 ml of NaOH the test tubes were then shaken for the mixture to combine. A shade of yellow was used as an indicator of a complete reaction.

Denver Art Musuem Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Denver Art Musuem Project - Assignment Example The sculpture was made during the time when Europeans where colonizing the Yoruba peoples. In order to subtly record this, Olowe placed a billed cap of a European-style on the head of one of the male constituting the supporting figures. Olowe’s virtuosity is signaled by the overall design, which is more complex, while having more open space as compared with the work of other carvers. There is no indication of any motion in the sculptor. Emphasis is brought by the elongated neck. The two males and two females bring some balance in the sculptor. With the two males, two females and the warrior, unity and variety is evident in the sculptor (Falola & Genova, 2005). It is very true that out of artwork, one can be able to learn more about such issues as nationality, ethnicity, gender, age, class, and group identity. In Denver Art Museum, the works of Olowe clearly illustrates this. The people portrayed by the sculptor live in Nigeria. They are the Yoruba clan, where the males constitute the most respected and recognized gender. Leaders are also honored to be on top of everyone in the society since they make most of the decisions, especially those concerning conflicts and other cases in the society. The artwork by Olowe came from the Yoruba culture because it reveals a warrior who is a king in this case. According to Yoruba culture, kings valued sculptors so much. This is because they believed that sculptors were the right things that could show their might. The specific elements linking the art to the culture are the size of the king, the presence of males and females under the king, and the dress code of the king. The style used is individual. The icons and symbols used can be seen in the cap. The cap has been carved with a European style. This brings the connection between the Yoruba culture and Europeans, who had colonized the Yoruba. The attire seen in the carved people indicate that the artwork is from Africa. The large

The History And Uses Of Bioremediation

The History And Uses Of Bioremediation The past decade has shown, in greater or lesser degree, our carelessness and negligence in using our natural resources. The problems associated with contamination of natural resources are prominently increasing in many countries. Contaminated environment generally result from production, use, and disposal of hazardous substances from industrial activities. The problem is worldwide, and the estimated number of contaminated sites is significant. It is now widely recognized that contaminated environment is a potential threat to human health, and its continual discovery over recent years has led to international efforts to remedy many of these sites, to enable the site to be redeveloped for use. To bioremediate, means to use living things to eliminate environmental contamination such as contaminated soil or groundwater. Some microorganisms that live in soil and groundwater naturally eat certain chemicals that are harmful to people and the environment. The microorganisms are able to change these chemicals into water and harmless gases, such as carbon dioxide. Plants can also be used to clean up soil, water or air; this is called phytoremediation Bioremediation is an option that offers the possibility to destroy or render harmless various con ­taminants using natural biological activity. As such, it uses relatively low-cost, low-technology tech ­niques, which generally have a high public acceptance and can often be carried out on site. It will not always be suitable, however, as the range of contaminants on which it is effective is limited, the time scales involved are relatively long, and the residual contaminant levels achievable may not always be appropriate. Although the methodologies employed are not technically complex, considerable experi ­ence and expertise may be required to design and implement a successful bioremediation program, due to the need to thoroughly assess a site for suitability and to optimize conditions to achieve a satisfacto ­ry result. Bioremediation has been used at a number of sites worldwide Here, we intended to assist by providing a straightforward, pragmatic view of the processes involved in bioremediation, the pros and cons of the technique, and the issues to be considered when dealing with a proposal for bioremediation. HISTORY Bioremediation has been described as a treatability technology that uses biological activity to reduce the concentration or toxicity of a pollutant. It commonly uses processes by which microorganisms transform or degrade chemicals in the environment (King 1). This use of microorganisms (mainly bacteria) to destroy or transform hazardous contaminants is not a new idea. Microorganisms have been used since 600 B.C. by the Romans and others to treat their wastewater. Although this same technology is still usedtoday to treat wastewater it has been expanded to treat an array of other contaminants. In fact, bioremediation has been used commercially for almost 30 years. The first commercial use of a bioremediation system was in 1972 to clean up a Sun Oil pipeline spill in Ambler, Pennsylvania CONVENTIONAL STRATEGIES OF REMEDIATION The conventional techniques used for remediation have been to dig up contaminated soil and remove it to a landfill, or to cap and contain the contaminated areas of a site. The methods have some drawbacks. The first method simply moves the contamination elsewhere and may create significant risks in the excavation, handling, and transport of hazardous material. Additionally, it is very difficult and increasingly expensive to find new landfill sites for the final disposal of the material. The cap and contain method is only an temporary solution since the contamination remains on site, requiring monitor ­ing and maintenance of the isolation barriers long into the future, with all the associated costs and potential liability. A better approach than these traditional methods is to completely destroy the pollutants if possi ­ble, or at least to transform them to innocuous substances. Some technologies that have been used are high-temperature incineration and various types of chemical decomposition (e.g., base-catalyzed dechlorination, UV oxidation). They can be very effective at reducing levels of a range of contaminants, but have several drawbacks, principally their technological complexity, the cost for small-scale appli ­cation, and the lack of public acceptance, especially for incineration that may increase the exposure to contaminants for both the workers at the site and nearby residents. Conventional ways of Bioremediation Dig up and remove it to a landfill Risk of excavation, handling and transport of hazardous material Very expensive to find another land to finally dispose these materials Cap and contain the contaminated area. Maintain it in the same land but isolate it Only an temporary solution Requires monitoring and maintenance of isolation barriers for a long time Better approaches: Destroy them completely, if possible Transform them in to harmless substances Drawbacks Technological complexity The cost for small scale application expensive Lack of public acceptance especially in incineration Incineration generates more toxic compounds Materials released from imperfect incineration cause undesirable imbalance in the atmosphere. Ex. Ozone depletion Fall back on earth and pollute some other environment Dioxin production due to burning of plastics leads to cancer May increase the exposure to contaminants, for both workers and nearby residents PRINCIPLES OF BIOREMEDIATION Figure 1: Bioremediation Triangle There are three essential components needed for bioremediation. These three components are microorganisms, food, and nutrients. These three main components shown in Figure 1 are known as the bioremediation triangle. Microorganisms are found almost everywhere on earth with the exception of active volcanoes. So a lack of food and nutrients are usually the missing ingredients that prevent successful bioremediation. Microorganisms find the food they eat in the soil or water where they live. However, if a contaminant is present it can become an additional food source for the microorganisms. The contaminant serves two useful purposes for the microbes. First, the contaminant provides a source of carbon needed for growth. Second,the microbes obtain energy by breaking chemical bonds and transferring electrons away from the contaminant. This is known as an oxidation-reduction reaction. The contaminant that loses electrons is oxidized and the chemical that gains the electrons(electron acceptor) is reduced. The energy gained from the electron transfer is used along with the carbon and some electrons to produce more cells. Microbes generally use oxygenas an electron acceptor but nitrate, sulfate, iron, and CO2 are also commonly used. The use of oxygen as an electron acceptor is called aerobic respiration. The major byproducts of aerobic respiration are carbon dioxide, water, and an increase in the microbe population. Anaerobic respiration uses nitrate, sulfate, iron, or CO2 as the electron acceptor instead of oxygen. Anaerobic respiration can occur after the oxygen has been depleted by aerobic respiration or where there is not sufficient oxygen in the first place. The process of anaerobic degradation has been ignored for many years. However, recently it has been gaining more attention; There are also several nutrients that must be accessible to the microorganisms for bioremediation to be successful. These include moisture, nitrogen, phosphorus, and other trace elements. Microorganisms like other organisms need moisture to survive and grow.In addition, microbes depend on the moisture to transport food to them since they do not have mouths. The optimal moisture content for microbes in the vadose zone has been determined to be between 10 and 25% (King 16). Besides moisture, nitrogen (ammonia)and phosphorus (orthophosphate) are two major nutrients needed for the microorganisms. The microorganisms also require minor elements such as sulfur, potassium, magnesium,calcium, manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, nickel, and zinc (King 19). However, these minor elements are usually available in the environment in sufficient amounts where nitrogen and phosphorus may be lacking and need to be added. There are many contaminants susceptible to bioremediation. Petroleum hydrocarbons, i n particular, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX), the major components of gasoline, have been biodegraded using this technology. In addition, alcohols, ketones, and esters are well established as being biodegradable by microorganisms. Many other contaminants are emerging as treatable using bioremediation such as halogenated aliphatics, halogenated aromatics, polychlorinated biphenyls, and nitroaromatics. FACTORS AFFECTING BIOREMEDIATION The factors affecting bioremediation can be divided into following categories. Microbial factors Environmental factors Microbial Factors Microorganisms can be isolated from almost any environmental conditions. Microbes will adapt and grow at subzero temperatures, as well as extreme heat, desert conditions, in water, with an excess of oxygen, and in anaerobic conditions, with the presence of hazardous compounds or on any waste stream. The main requirements are an energy source and a carbon source. Because of the adaptability of microbes and other biological systems, these can be used to degrade or remediate environmental hazards. We can subdivide these microorganisms into the following groups Aerobic Anaerobic Ligninolytic Fungi Methylotrophs Aerobic These microbes have often been reported to degrade pesticides and hydrocarbons, both alkanes and polyaromatic compounds. Many of these bacteria use the contaminant as the sole source of carbon and energy. Examples of aerobic bacteria recognized for their degradative abilities are Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes, Sphingomonas, Rhodococcus, and Mycobacterium. Anaerobic Anaerobic bacteria are not as frequently used as aerobic bacteria. There is an increasing interest in anaerobic bacteria used for bioremediation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in river sediments, dechlorination of the solvent trichloroethylene (TCE), and chloroform. Ligninolytic fungi Fungi such as the white rot fungus Phanaerochaete chrysosporium have the ability to degrade an extremely diverse range of persistent or toxic environmental pollutants. Common substrates used include straw, saw dust, or corn cobs. Methylotrophs Aerobic bacteria that grow utilizing methane for carbon and energy. The initial enzyme in the pathway for aerobic degradation, methane monooxygenase, has a broad substrate range and is active against a wide range of compounds, including the chlorinated aliphatics trichloroethylene and 1,2-dichloroethane. For degradation it is necessary that bacteria and the contaminants be in contact. This is not easily achieved, as neither the microbes nor contaminants are uniformly spread in the soil. Some bacteria are mobile and exhibit a chemotactic response, sensing the contaminant and moving toward it. Other microbes such as fungi grow in a filamentous form toward the contaminant. It is possible to enhance the mobilization of the contaminant utilizing some surfactants such as sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) Microbes are used to degrade gasoline, the most common contaminant of groundwater in the United States. Adding powdered seaweed to DDT-contaminated soil boosts the cleaning activity of DDT-eating microbes. In one test site, 80% of the DDT was removed after six weeks. Microbes and fungi are used in air filters to control odours from sewage treatment plants and in the paint industry. A gene for a protein found in rat livers that binds with toxic metals has been inserted in both tobacco plants and algae. With this gene, the tobacco plant and the algae are able to extract several hundred times more toxic metal compounds from soil or water compared to plants without the gene. One particular microbe degrades polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are cancer-causing petroleum by-products. The microbes, called simply sulfate-reducers, are able to attack PAHs in the sediment of Boston Harbor where scientists thought the contaminant could not be treated due to lack of oxygen. Examples of microbes used for bioremediation include: Deinococcus radiodurans bacteria have been genetically modified to digest solvents and heavy metals, as well as toluene and ionic mercury from highly radioactive nuclear waste. Geobacter sufurreducens bacteria can turn uranium dissolved in groundwater into a non-soluble, collectable form. Dehalococcoides ethenogenes bacteria are being used in ten states to clean up chlorinated solvents that have been linked to cancer. The bacteria are naturally found in both soil and water and are able to digest the solvents much faster than using traditional clean-up methods. Thermus brockianus, found in Yellowstone National Park, produces an enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide 80,000 times faster than current chemicals in use. Alcaligenes eutrophus, naturally degrades 2,4-D, the third most widely used herbicide in the U.S. Some contaminants potentially suitable for bioremediation. Class of contaminants Specific examples Aerobic Anaerobic Potential sources Chlorinated solvents Trichloroethylene + Drycleaners Perchloroethylene Chemical manufacture Polychlorinated biphenyls 4-Chlorobiphenyl + Electrical manufacturing 4,4 Dichlorobiphenyl Power station Railway yards Chlorinated phenol Pentachlorophenol + Timber treatment Landfills BTEX Benzene + + Oil production and storage Toluene Gas work sites Ethylbenzene Airports Xylene Paint manufacture Port facilities Railway yards Chemical manufacture Polyaromatic hydrocarbons Naphthalene + Oil production and storage (PAHs) Antracene Gas work sites Fluorene Coke plants Pyrene Engine works Benzo(a)pyrene Landfills Tar production and storage Boiler ash dump sites Power stations Pesticides Atrazine + + Agriculture Carbaryl Timber treatment Carbofuran Pesticide manufacture Coumphos Recreational areas ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS 1. Nutrients Although the microorganisms are present in contaminated soil, they cannot necessarily be there in the numbers required for bioremediation of the site. Their growth and activity must be stimulated. Biostimulation usually involves the addition of nutrients and oxygen to help indigenous microorgan ­isms. These nutrients are the basic building blocks of life and allow microbes to create the necessary enzymes to break down the contaminants. All of them will need nitrogen, phosphorous, and carbon (e.g., see Table below). Carbon is the most basic element of living forms and is needed in greater quantities than other elements. In addition to hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen it constitutes about 95% of the weight of cells.Phosphorous and sulphur contribute with 70% of the remainders. The nutritional requirement of carbon to nitrogen ratio is 10:1, and carbon to phosphorous is 30:1. 3. Environmental requirements Optimum environmental conditions for the degradation of contaminants are reported in Table below: Parameters Condition required for microbial activity Optimum value for an oil degradation Soil moisture 25-28% of water holding capacity 30-90% Soil pH 5.5-8.8 6.5-8.0 Oxygen content Aerobic, minimum air-filled pore space of 10% 10-40% Nutrient content N and p for microbial growth C:N:P = 100:10:1 Temperature ( °C) 15-45 20-30 Contaminants Not too toxic Hydrocarbon 5-10% of dry weight of soil Heavy metals Total content 2000 ppm 700 ppm Type of soil Low clay or silt content 4. Environmental conditions affecting degradation Microbial growth and activity are readily affected by pH, temperature, and moisture. Although microorganisms have been also isolated in extreme conditions, most of them grow optimally over a nar ­row range, so that it is important to achieve optimal conditions. If the soil has too much acid it is possible to rinse the pH by adding lime. Temperature affects bio ­chemical reactions rates, and the rates of many of them double for each 10  °C rise in temperature. Above a certain temperature, however, the cells die. Plastic covering can be used to enhance solar warming in late spring, summer, and autumn. Available water is essential for all the living organisms, and irrigation is needed to achieve the optimal moisture level. The amount of available oxygen will determine whether the system is aerobic or anaerobic. Hydrocarbons are readily degraded under aerobic conditions, whereas chlorurate compounds are degraded only in anaerobic ones. To increase the oxygen amount in the soil it is possible to till or sparge air. In some cases, hydrogen peroxide or magnesium peroxide can be introduced in the environment. Soil structure controls the effective delivery of air, water, and nutrients. To improve soil structure, materials such as gypsum or organ ic matter can be applied. Low soil permeability can impede move ­ment of water, nutrients, and oxygen; hence, soils with low permeability may not be appropriate for in situ clean-up techniques. STRATEGIES AND TECHNIQUES INVOLVED IN BIOREMEDIATION Basically two types of techniques are involved in Bioremediation In situ Bioremediation (at the site) Ex situ Bioremediation (away from the site) In situ Bioremediation In situ techniques are defined as those that are applied to soil and groundwater at the site with minimal disturbance. These techniques are generally the most desirable options due to lower cost and fewer disturbances since they provide the treatment in place avoiding excavation and transport of contaminants. In situ treatment is limited by the depth of the soil that can be effectively treated. In many soils effective oxygen diffusion for desirable rates of bioremediation extend to a range of only a few centimetres to about 30 cm into the soil, although depths of 60 cm and greater have been effectively treated in some cases. In situ Bioremediation types: Bioventing is the most common in situ treatment and involves supplying air and nutrients through wells to contaminated soil to stimulate the indigenous bacteria. Bioventing employs low air flow rates and provides only the amount of oxygen necessary for the biodegradation while minimizing volatiliza ­tion and release of contaminants to the atmosphere. It works for simple hydrocarbons and can be used where the contamination is deep under the surface. In situ biodegradation involves supplying oxygen and nutrients by circulating aqueous solutions through contaminated soils to stimulate naturally occurring bacteria to degrade organic contaminants. It can be used for soil and groundwater. Generally, this technique includes conditions such as the infil ­tration of water-containing nutrients and oxygen or other electron acceptors for groundwater treatment. Biosparging involves the injection of air under pressure below the water table to increase groundwater oxygen concentrations and enhance the rate of biological degradation of contam ­inants by naturally occurring bacteria. Biosparging increases the mixing in the saturated zone and there ­by increases the contact between soil and groundwater. The ease and low cost of installing small-diam ­eter air injection points allows considerable flexibility in the design and construction of the system Bioaugmentation. Bioremediation frequently involves the addition of microorganisms indigenous or exogenous to the contaminated sites. Two factors limit the use of added microbial cultures in a land treatment unit: 1) nonindigenous cultures rarely compete well enough with an indigenous population to develop and sustain useful population levels and 2) most soils with long-term exposure to biodegrad ­able waste have indigenous microorganisms that are effective degrades if the land treatment unit is well managed. Ex situ bioremediation Ex situ techniques are those that are applied to soil and groundwater at the site which has been removed from the site via excavation (soil) or pumping (water). These techniques involve the excavation or removal of contaminated soil from ground. Ex situ Bioremediation types: These techniques involve the excavation or removal of contaminated soil from ground. Landfarming is a simple technique in which contaminated soil is excavated and spread over a pre ­pared bed and periodically tilled until pollutants are degraded. The goal is to stimulate indigenous biodegradative microorganisms and facilitate their aerobic degradation of contaminants. In general, the practice is limited to the treatment of superficial 10-35 cm of soil. Since landfarming has the potential to reduce monitoring and maintenance costs, as well as clean-up liabilities, it has received much atten ­tion as a disposal alternative. Composting is a technique that involves combining contaminated soil with nonhazardous organ ­ic amendants such as manure or agricultural wastes. The presence of these organic materials supports the development of a rich microbial population and elevated temperature characteristic of composting. Biopiles are a hybrid of landfarming and composting. Essentially, engineered cells are con ­structed as aerated composted piles. Typically used for treatment of surface contamination with petro ­leum hydrocarbons they are a refined version of landfarming that tend to control physical losses of the contaminants by leaching and volatilization. Biopiles provide a favorable environment for indigenous aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. Bioreactors Slurry reactors or aqueous reactors are used for ex situ treatment of contaminated soil and water pumped up from a contaminated plume. Bioremediation in reactors involves the pro ­cessing of contaminated solid material (soil, sediment, sludge) or water through an engineered con ­tainment system. A slurry bioreactor may be defined as a containment vessel and apparatus used to cre ­ate a three-phase (solid, liquid, and gas) mixing condition to increase the bioremediation rate of soil-bound and water-soluble pollutants as a water slurry of the contaminated soil and biomass (usually indigenous microorganisms) capable of degrading target contaminants. In general, the rate and extent of biodegradation are greater in a bioreactor system than in situ or in solid-phase systems because the contained environment is more manageable and hence more controllable and predictable. Despite the advantages of reactor systems, there are some disadvantages. The contaminated soil requires pre-treatment (e.g., excavation) or alternatively the contaminant can be stripped from the soil via soil washing or physical extraction (e.g., vacuum extraction) before being placed in a bioreactor. Monitoring bioremediation The process of bioremediation can be monitored indirectly by measuring the Oxidation Reduction Potential or redox in soil and groundwater, together with pH, temperature, oxygen content, electron acceptor/donor concentrations, and concentration of breakdown products (e.g. carbon dioxide). This table shows the (decreasing) biological breakdown rate as function of the redox potential. Process Reaction Redox potential (Eh in mV) Aerobic: O2 + 4eà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ + 4H+ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 2H2O 600 ~ 400 Anaerobic: Denitrification 2NO3à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ + 10eà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ + 12H+ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ N2 + 6H2O 500 ~ 200 Manganese IV reduction MnO2 + 2eà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ + 4H+ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Mn2+ + 2H2O 400 ~ 200 Iron III reduction Fe(OH)3 + eà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ + 3H+ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Fe2+ + 3H2O 300 ~ 100 Sulfate reduction SO42à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ + 8eà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ +10 H+ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ H2S + 4H2O 0 ~ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢150 Fermentation 2CH2O à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ CO2 + CH4 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢150 ~ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢220 Types of Bioremediation Bioremediation techniques can be subdivided into various based on following factors Based on type of atmosphere in which Bioremediation takes place it can be divided into two types Engineered Bioremediation Intrinsic Bioremediation Based on Type of organism being used for Bioremediation Mycoremediation Phytoremediation ENGINEERED BIOREMEDIATION Factors effecting engineered bioremediation Contact between the microbes and the substrate Proper physical environment Nutrients Oxygen Absence of toxic compounds Sources of microorganisms From contaminated field sites(with varying environmental conditions subzero temperatures or extreme heat, desert conditions or in water, with excess of oxygen or in anaerobic conditions, with presence of hazardous compounds or on any waste stream) From culture collections Genetically Engineered Microorganisms (GEMs) Electro kinetically enhanced bioremediation (EEB) is a method of engineered bioremediation of soil contaminated by such organic compounds as solvents and petroleum products. As depicted schematically in the figure, EEB involves the utilization of controlled flows of liquids and gases into and out of the ground via wells, in conjunction with electrokinetic transport of matter through pores in the soil, to provide reagents and nutrients that enhance the natural degradation of contaminants by indigenous and/or introduced microorganisms. The operational parameters of an EEB setup can be tailored to obtain the desired flows of reagents and nutrients in variably textured and layered soils of variable hydraulic permeability and of moisture content that can range from saturation down to as little as about 7 percent. A major attractive feature of EEB is the ability to control the movements of charged anionic and cationic as well as noncharged chemical species. The basic components of electrokinetic enhancement of bioremediation are the following: * Ions are transported by electromigration; that is, with minimum transport of liquid through the soil. The ions of interest include nutrient agents, electron donors (e.g., lactate) or electron acceptors (e.g., nitrate or sulfate) added to the soil. Electromigration is utilized as an efficient mode of electrokinetic transport in vadosezone soils. * Water in soil is pumped (horizontally or vertically, depending on the positions of electrode wells) by induced electro-osmotic flow. Whereas the hydraulic flow used in older methods decreases with decreasing pore size and is thus not effective for treating tightly packed soil, electro-osmotic flow is less restricted by tight packing. Electro-osmosis is utilized to enhance the transport of both ions and such noncharged particles as micro-organisms, by moving water from anodes (positive electrodes) toward cathodes (negative electrodes). * Electrophoresis induced in soil under an applied electric field is used to control the transport and/or distribution of micro-organisms throughout the treated soil volume. The beneficial effect of electrophoresis can be augmented or otherwise modified by use of electro-osmotic flushing of the soil. * The applied electric current can be utilized to heat the soil to the optimum temperature for bioremediation. * The gaseous and liquid products of electrolysis of water in the soil are removed from electrode wells and mixed and reinjected into the ground as needed to maintain the pH of the soil within a range favorable for bioremediation. Disadvantages Mostly GEMs do not work the way we expect: Lab strains become food source for soil protozoa Inability of GEMs to contact the compounds to be degraded Failure of GEMs to survive/compete indigenous microorganisms. Mostly due to lack / decreased activity of House Keeping Genes. INTRINSIC BIOREMEDIATION It is a natural attenuation process that leads to the decrease in contaminant levels in a particular environment due to unmanaged physical, chemical and biological processes. Conversion of environmental pollutants into the harmless forms through the innate capabilities of naturally occurring microbial population is called intrinsic bioremediation. However, there is increasing interest on intrinsic bioremediation for control of all or some of the contamination at waste sites. The intrinsic i.e. inherent capacity of microorganism, to metabolize the contaminants should be tested at laboratory and field levels before use for intrinsic bioremediation. Through site monitoring programmes progress of intrinsic bioremediation should be recorded time to time. The conditions of site that favours intrinsic bioremediation are ground water flow throughout the year, carbonate minerals to buffer acidity produced during biodegradation supply of electron acceptors and nutrients for microbial growth and absence of toxic compounds. The other environmental factors such as pH concentration, temperature and nutrient availability determine whether or not biotransformation takes place. Bioremediation of waste mixtures containing metals such as Hg, Pb, As and cyanide at toxic concentration can create problem (Madsen, l99l). The ability of surface bacteria to degrade a given mixture of pollutants in ground water is dependent on the type and concentration of compounds, electron acceptor and duration of bacteria exposed to contaminants. Therefore, ability of indigenous bacteria degrading contaminants can be determined in laboratory by plate count and macrocosm studies Example: Microbes in Hudson River mud developed an ability to partially degrade PCB (Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls) Process occurs in two steps Partial dehalogenation of PCBs occurs naturally under anaerobic conditions Less chlorinated residues Then mud is aerated to promote the complete degradation of these less chlorinated residues MYCOREMEDIATION Mycoremediation is a form of bioremediation, the process of using fungi to return an environment (usually soil) contaminated by pollutants to a less contaminated state. The term Mycoremediation was coined by Paul Stam

The Unabomber: Is He Serious? Essay -- essays research papers

The Unabomber: Is He Serious?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There comes a time when everyone has something to say. The next step would be to find someone to listen. If that doesn't work, I suppose you just have to make them listen.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Unabomber's Manifesto was probably one of the most interesting and thought provoking points of view that I have read in a while. It's just too bad that every time he made a point that I could relate with, he would contradict himself before I was finished with the paragraph. In my opinion, the entire manifesto and every viewpoint expressed therein, was a strange mix of confusion, fact and storytelling. Although written with an abundance of detail and many strong convictions, I finished reading the selection without being able to see the purpose behind it all and what he stood to gain. I'm sure that wasn't exactly his intentions when he wrote it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I feel there is one thing the author deserves credit for right from the start; his uncanny ability to set a pessimistic mood. From the minute you glance at the introduction, he, assuming the author is male, begins to paint a picture of destruction and demise of the world in which we live. What could cause such a catastrophe? According to the author, it would have to be industry and technology of all things. He was convinced that due to the industrial- technological system in which we live, ultimately humans are going to be subjected to world wide suffering and inevitably a total shut down of humanity. Now at this moment I felt a little disbelief. I had heard he was actually an intelligent person, but I was starting to wonder.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   His whole theory was based on the fact, that at one point or another, the human race will be taken to the point of complete break down. He feels that if it's bound to happen, we should make it happen now. The longer we wait, the more people will suffer. Now, I know our sun will eventually burn out, so does that mean that it should be the concern of everyone on the planet to devise a method to destroy it immediately and save us the trouble of having to do it later? I guess I wasn't too surprised when I read how he intended to induce an early break down with a revolution, but the next thing I read left me a little confused. I was interested in how and when he planned to d... ...here who actually make a difference.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Technology was a turning point in man's struggle in life. When we were first learning to use it, we used it for the wrong reasons. I believe we're moving past that now. We don't fear technology like he does any more. More and more people, including older generations are learning to use it. Not because they have to, but it's only natural for the majority of us to try something new. When everyone begins to use it, working together, that's what advances us into tomorrow. If everyone was as pessimistic as he, where would we be? Sometimes it takes someone like him to remind us what we used to be and how we used to think. It helps us all stay on track. In the long run, he just becomes someone who wouldn't change and society will forget him. It's ironic to think that we already have. People don't want war, revolution, or violence. We don't need to be the aggressor and more. Our survival isn't assured, but at least we have the means to provide it, to really harvest it when that need arises. People like the Unibomber only give us the motivation to keep on going. And what do we have to thank for our advancement? Technology.

Causes And Effects Of Air Pollution

When air gets polluted with dust, smoke, motor vehicles, mills and factories etc. is called air pollution. We know that air is an important element of our environment. But it is a matter of great regret that it is being polluted day by day in different reasons. Causes of Air pollution:There are different kinds of reasons of air pollution. The causes of air pollution are described below.1. Using poison in agriculture: In agricultural sectors, farmers often use insecticides, pesticides and fertilizers etc. These get mixed with air and causes air pollution. Besides, Ammonia is a very common by product from agriculture related activities and is one of the most hazardous gases in the atmosphere. âž ¢ Air Pollution-Paragraph2. Burning of Fossil Fuels: Burning of fossil fuels like coal, petroleum and other factory combustibles is one the major causes of air pollution. Smoke emitting from vehicles like buses, trucks, jeeps, cars, trains, airplanes etc. causes air pollution.3. Industrial sm oke: In mills and factories, large amount of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, organic compounds, and chemicals is emitted that causes air pollution. It is true that mills and factories can be found at every corner of the world that cause a huge amount of harmful gases that are the major causes of air pollution.4. Indoor activities: Different kinds of household activities like cleaning products, washing, painting etc. emit different kinds of toxic chemicals in the air and cause air pollution.Effects of Air pollution: There are different kinds of negative and harmful effects of air pollution. The effects of air pollution are described below.1. Global warming: Air pollution causes global warming in a great scale. With  increased temperatures world wide, increase in sea levels and melting of ice from colder regions and icebergs, displacement and loss of habitat have already signaled an impending disaster if actions for preservation and normalization aren't undertaken soon.2. Causes dise ases: The effects of Air pollution are very harmful for health. It causes different kinds of respiratory diseases like heart attack, Cancer, bronchitis etc. Every year millions of people of all over the world die due to direct or indirect effects of air pollution.3. Acid Rain:Acid raining is another effects of air pollution. Harmful gases like nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides are released into the atmosphere during the burning of fossil fuels. When it rains, the water droplets combines with these air pollutants, becomes acidic and then falls on the ground in the form of acid rain. Acid rain can cause great damage to human, animals and crops.4. Depletion of Ozone layer:Air pollution depletes Ozone layer. Ozone exists in earth’s stratosphere and is responsible for protecting humans from harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays. Earth’s ozone layer is depleting due to the presence of chlorofluorocarbons, hydro chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere. As ozone layer will go thin, it w ill emit harmful rays back on earth and can cause skin and eye related problems. UV rays also have the capability to affect crops.5. Harms to the wild life:Air pollution harms the wilderness. Humans and animals face a lot of devastating effects due to air pollution. Toxic chemicals present in the air can force wildlife species to move to new place and change their habitat. The toxic pollutants deposit over the surface of the water and can also affect sea animals.6. Depletion of Ozone layer:Air pollution depletes Ozone layer. Ozone exists in earth’s stratosphere and is responsible for protecting humans from harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.  Earth’s ozone layer is depleting due to the presence of chlorofluorocarbons, hydro chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere. As ozone layer will go thin, it will emit harmful rays back on earth and can cause skin and eye related problems. UV rays also have the capability to affect crops.Conclusion:In the long run, it can be said that it is the right time to protect air pollution. To create a better place to live in for the human being and wilderness we have stop air pollution.

Johns Hopkins University Essay Example

Johns Hopkins University Essay Example Johns Hopkins University Paper Johns Hopkins University Paper Even before the discovery of the patterns and syndromes of autism, there have been people already affected by this disorder and were first thought to be mentally retarded or insane. Then Dr. Leo Kanner of Johns Hopkins University, basing his discovery from the children he observed between 1938 and 1943, studied and recorded the patterns of the syndrome and incorporated the term autism. During the 1940’s children with autism were thought to be schizophrenic. Until further research, studies and discoveries were made in the following years. Now, there have been proven facts giving the people knowledge providing a better understanding of the disorder. Thus helping the parents and families cope with it. Medical studies have created tools to help in the development and improvement in the lives of the children suffering form autism.   (History of autism) Autism is a common disorder of childhood. Yet, it often remains unrecognized and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   undiagnosed until or after late preschool age because appropriate tools for routine   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   developmental screening and screening specifically for autism have not been   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   available. Early identification of children with autism and intensive, early intervention   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   during the toddler and preschool years improves outcome for most young children with autism.† (Abstract of Practice parameter: Screening and diagnosis of autism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Neurology 2000, 55: 468-79.) Autism is a complex disability which is caused by neurological disorder. It affects the normal functioning of the brain which impairs normal development in the areas of social interaction and communication. Usually appears in the first three years of life and is a lifelong disability. Sometimes referred to as ASD or autism spectrum disorder. Those suffering from Autism would show difficulty in verbal and non-verbal communication and social interaction. (What is Autism?) The characteristics of autism differ from person to person but generally there would be difficulty with social communication, social interaction and social imagination. People with autism have difficulties with both verbal and non-verbal language.   They have the inability to understand. Some are unable to speak or may have a limited speech. They have difficulty recognizing or understanding other peoples emotions and feelings. There is also a love of routine. When they tend to do things on a fixed routine or repetitive behavior. They may also experience sensor sensitivity, which can affect one or more of the five senses, sight, sound, smell, touch and taste. And they can sometimes have special interest which may sometimes be unusual. Autism can also affect their learning abilities.   (Symptoms and diagnosis) According to the Autism Society of America, Autism is only one of the five Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD); a neurological disorder characterized by severe and pervasive impaired development or delayed development of communication and social skills. The five disorders categorized under Pervasive Developmental Disorder of PDD are, Autistic Disorder, Asperger Syndrome, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (CDD), Autistic Disorder, the most well known PDD, is a disorder also known as autism   is a neurological and developmental disorder   Ã‚  A child with autism appears to live in his/her own world, shows little interest in others, lacks   social awareness, and has a consistent routine, have problems in communication. Asperger syndrome is the type of PDD characterized by poor social interactions, obsessions, odd speech patterns, and other peculiar mannerisms. It is a high functioning form of autism in children who have high IQ’s. Children suffering from AS have obsessive routines and have unusually sensitive senses. They may also show signs of delays in motor skills, clumsiness, limited interest on things and people, inappropriate or minimal social interactions. Conversations almost always revolving around self rather than others, scripted, robotic, or repetitive speech, lack of common sense, problems with reading, math, or writing skills, obsession with complex topics such as patterns or music, average to above-average verbal cognitive abilities, average to below-average nonverbal cognitive abilities, awkward movements, odd behaviors or mannerisms.(Asperger Syndrome)

US Cities Hit Most Often by Tropical Storms

US Cities Hit Most Often by Tropical Storms This list of the top 29 cities hit by hurricanes and tropical storms (1871-2004) is compiled from data presented by Hurricane City.  Check the web site for methodology. Data from 2005 not included. Cape Hatteras, NC (eastern - barrier islands)Hit every 2.53 years. Last hit by Alex in 2004.Delray Beach, FL (southeastern)Hit every 2.36 years; located between Palm Beach and Miami. Last hit by Frances and Jeanne in 2004.Grand Isle, LA (southern - barrier islands)Hit every 2.68 years; the most affected area in Louisiana, it is about 50 miles south of New Orleans (as the crow flies). Affected by Tropical Storm Matthew in 2004.Ft Pierce, FL (eastern)Hit every 2.68 years. Last hit by Frances and Jeanne in 2004.Hollywood, FL (southeastern)Hit every 2.68 years.Deerfield Beach, FL (southeastern)Hit every 2.68 years. Touched by Frances in 2004.Boca Raton, FL (southeastern)Hit every 2.68 years. Touched by both Frances and Jeanne in 2004.Florida City, FL (southern)Hit every 2.73 years. Most direct hurricane hits (21).Spring Hill, FL (Gulf)Hit every 2.73 years.Stuart, FL (eastern)Hit every 2.79 years. Last hit by Frances and Jeanne in 2004.Miami, FL (southeastern)Hit every 2.79 years.Key West , FL (southern - barrier islands)Hit every 2.85 years. Number two on direct hurricane hits (20). Palm Beach, FL (southeastern)Hit every 2.85 years. Last hit by Frances and Jeanne in 2004.Lake Worth, FL (southeasternHit every 2.85 years. Last hit by Frances and Jeanne in 2004.Ft. Lauderdale, FL (southeastern)Hit every 2.85 years. Last hit by Frances and Jeanne in 2004.Elizabeth City, NC (northeastern)Hit every 2.85 years. Last hit by Charley in 2004.Jupiter, FL (southeastern)Hit every 2.91 years. Last hit by Frances and Jeanne in 2004.Morgan City, LA (southwestern)Hit every 2.85 years. Last affected by Tropical Storm Matthew in 2004.Ft. Walton, FL (panhandle)Hit every 3.05 years. Last hit by Ivan in 2004.Pensacola, FL (panhandle)Hit every 3.05 years. Last hit by Ivan in 2004.Key Largo, FL (southern - barrier islands)Hit every 3.05 years.Jacksonville, FL (northeastern)Hit every 3.05 years.Port Charlotte, FL (southwestern)Hit every 3.12 years. Last hit by Charley in 2004.Fort Myers, FL ({link urlhttp://maps.google.com/maps?qFortMyers,FLspn0.574893,0.952377thhlen]southwestern)Hit ev ery 3.12 years. Last hit by Charley in 2004. Destin, FL (panhandle)Hit every 3.12 years. Last hit by Ivan in 2004.Cedar Key, FL (north Gulf)Hit every 3.12 years. Last hit by Frances and Jeanne in 2004.Norfolk, VA (southeastern)Hit every 3.12 years. Last hit by Charley (as a tropical storm) in 2004.Naples, FL (southwestern)Hit every 3.19 years. Last brushed by Charley in 2004.Morehead City, NC (eastern)Hit every 3.27 years. Last hit by Alex Charley in 2004.

English school, Marxism, Neo Marxism ( short answers) Essay

English school, Marxism, Neo Marxism ( short answers) - Essay Example that they conceive themselves to be bound by a common set of rules in their relations with one another, and share in the working of common institutions.† (Bull 1977, 13). He defines system as being an arena which has interaction between communities and no shared rules or institutions. The distinction between international system and international society helps the English School scholars in addressing the question how far international society extends. Significantly, â€Å"by looking at the formation of the system it is possible to discern mechanisms which shape and shove international and world societies...† and â€Å"the category of the system can usefully be used to capture the basic material forces in world politics - flows of information and trade, levels of destructive capability, capacities of actors to affect their environment.† (Dunne 2007, P. 138). There is an essential distinction between the dependency theorists and the realist theorists on the nature of the international system – or more accurately, an inter-state system. The English School scholars were interested in the system basically for what it tells about the history of international society. â€Å"If one takes Bulls developmental insight into the relationship between system and society, then it is clear that the existence of a society presupposes the existence of a system... It is also important to realize that systemic interactions remain a possible future arrangement if the dominant actors in international society cease to comply with the rules and act in ways which undermine the international security.† (Dunne 2007, P. 139). The nature of the international system according the dependency theorists is less convincing than that of the realism. One of the essential considerations in the International Relations is that there is an important distinction between problem solving and critical theories. It was Robert Cox who distinguished between problem solving and critical theories in

Fashion as Part of Youth Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Fashion as Part of Youth Culture - Essay Example The essay "Fashion as Part of Youth Culture" analyses of clothing and fashion, classical ones in particular, have stressed consumption over production. Classical sociologists treated fashion as a concept of imitation which forms a basis of a trickle-down theory of fashion. When the highest class adopts a particular style, the class next to it, wanting to move up or even to appear to have already moved up, will proceed to adopt the new style which will continue a downward adoption through the classes until it reaches the lowest class economically able to afford it. As the fashion moves downward, its reproductions are usually made with less expensive materials and poorer workmanship. By the time the style has been consumed by the majority, it is no longer a sign of class status, and the highest class will have already begun the process over again by putting on a new fashion. Paper also provides a quick review on a movie "Devil wears Prada" where the editor of a powerful fashion magazin e puts the concept of fashion in interesting terms while trying to point out the relevance of fashion even to those who claim to be the most unfashionable. This Paper shows a phenomenon of visionary designers, who decide what would be worn by people for the next season as the ultimate in up-to-the-minute trends. It also examines the relationship between the world of fashion and youth culture, and the way this has affected fashion theory and practice. Essay establishes working definitions for the terms â€Å"fashion† and â€Å"youth culture†.... ove up or even to appear to have already moved up, will proceed to adopt the new style which will continue a downward adoption through the classes until it reaches the lowest class economically able to afford it. As the fashion moves downward, its reproductions are usually made with less expensive materials and poorer workmanship. By the time the style has been consumed by the majority, it is no longer a sign of class status, and the highest class will have already begun the process over again by putting on a new fashion.'(Kawamura, 2004, 6) But in the past few decades this theory has been repeatedly questioned, particularly with respect to youth culture and its role in modifying, focusing and even creating fashion. It will be my effort in this paper to examine the relationship between the world of fashion and youth culture, and the way this has affected fashion theory and practice. To do this we have to establish working definitions for the terms "fashion" and "youth culture", and the driving forces behind both so as to be able to understand the veiled interconnections, and how youth culture has managed to change the very definition of fashion in some cases. Fashion has been a part of human nature, an offshoot of our tribal ancestry which loved to adorn the body and home in an attempt to establish an iconographical identity and be seen as one of the group. It has served as a means of non-verbal communication of one's status, rank, occupation, locality and gender since time immemorial, and theorists have considered clothing in terms of aesthetics and semiotics: 'All the same, if clothing may, indeed, be said to satisfy needs that are 'natural' in the sense of being held in common with other creatures, we should recognize that it also serves needs of a more strictly

Global Warming The cause of human activity Essay

Global Warming The cause of human activity - Essay Example And he was right. This effect is reached due to some atmospheric gases of secondary importance for example, water evaporations and carbonic gas. They leak visible and "near" infrared light, emitted by the sun, but absorb the "far" infrared radiation with lower frequency formed at heating of the earth surface by solar beams. If it did not occur, the Earth would be approximately 30 degrees colder, than now, and life on it would practically stop. ("Global Warming") Recognizing that a "natural" hothouse effect is the settled, balanced process, it is quite logical to assume, that the increase of concentration of "hothouse" gases in an atmosphere should result in strengthening of a hothouse effect which in turn will result in global warming of a climate. Amount of 2 in atmosphere steadily grows for more than century because various kinds of fossil fuel (coal and petroleum) began to be applied widely as a source of energy. Besides as a result of human activity other hothouse gases, for example methane, nitrous oxide, and a lot of chlorine-containing substances also get in an atmosphere. In spite of the fact that they are made in smaller volumes, some of these gases are more dangerous than carbonic gas from the point of view of global warming. ("Global Warming") Now many scientists believe that additional proofs of man's fault in global warming... ("Global Warming") Now many scientists believe that additional proofs of man's fault in global warming will be found out, moreover, human activity is the dominant factor in this process. Nevertheless global warming are caused also by not dependent on people reasons. For example, amplification of solar radiation and sulphatic sparks or aerosols ejected at volcanic eruptions. These emissions on the one hand may create a hothouse effect, and on the other hand they may cool an atmosphere as they reflect sunlight. Influence of human activity is connected, first of all, with the emission of the used industrial gases such as carbonic, holding warm in an atmosphere and the same sulphatic aerosols of industrial, not natural origin. The complex of industrial aerosols and hothouse gases also creates new climatic model. This popular idea in the scientific environment resulted in that scientists now are inclined to evaluate the influence of the person on the climate more critically. Earlier, the warming of a climat e in 20-th century was considered to be mostly caused by the natural reasons not by the activisation of human activity. The group of researchers led by Simon Tatt found out that the increase of average temperature in the beginning of 20-th century could be explained by the increase of solar activity, or a combination of this factor with growth of emission of industrial gases in an atmosphere. But, since the middle of 70th years that is after almost 50-years of temperature rising, the industrial gases creating a hothouse effect are more and more considered to be a principal cause of warming. Many other researchers also came to the same conclusion "Researches of Simon Tatt's group have

History of Database Technology and Data Models Essay Example for Free

History of Database Technology and Data Models Essay Imagine that you own bank and along with that, you own your bank’s credibility to your 100,000 clients. Just writing down each client’s information in a piece of paper would not be very secure and practical nowadays. That’s how an electronic database system comes in the picture. In this fast growing world, a technology like a database system is very necessary for establishments that hold a huge amount of data. However, the development of the current database technology and database models underwent an intricate process before it comes to a full bloom. In 1964, the word â€Å"database† technically denoted collections of data shared by end-users of time sharing computer systems and was coined by workers in a military information system. In addition, around 1960s, private companies started to own computers because of their increasing storage capabilities. Two data models were introduced: network (CODASYL) and hierarchical (IMS) model. During that time, database management systems were unsystematic. There no actual theoretical model about data organization. There was more emphasis on the processing of the records rather than the overall structure of the database system. During the 1970s, many astonishing breakthroughs on databases were witnessed. It was about the 1970 that E. F. Codd proposed a relational model for databases. The presented a system that separates the logical organization (schema) of a database from the physical storages and since that, it has been a standard in the field of computing. The term Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) was coined during this period. Theories about databases had finally made its way to the mainstream research projects. Two main prototypes for RDBMS were created: Ingres that was developed at UCB and this system used QUEL as query language and System R that was developed at IBM San Jose and this system used SEQUEL as query language. Meanwhile, in 1976, P. Chen suggested the Entity-Relationship (ER) model for database design which was proved to be vital in conceptual data models. This proposal enabled the designers to focus more on the data usage rather than its logical table structure. Commercialization of database systems for businesses began during the 1980s as demands for computers boomed. In addition, Structured Query Language (SQL) became a standard for database systems during these periods. DB2 became IBM’s flagship and development of IBM PC paved the way for more database companies and products like Dbase III and IV, Database Manager, OS/2 and Watcom SQL. The network and hierarchical models for database also started to disappear in the background. When the 1990s came, only a few surviving companies began to offer complex products at higher prices. Developments on database systems were more focused on client tool applications such as PowerBuilder (Sybase), Oracle Developer and VB (Microsoft). Some personal productivity tools related to database management were also created such as Microsoft Access and Excel. Some prototypes of Object Database Management System (ODBMS) also arose in the 1990s. It was also during the 1990s that the World Wide Web appeared. Large investments were made by Internet-related companies on Web and database connectors. Examples of these connectors are Active Server Pages (ASP), Java Servlets, JDBC, ColdFusion, Dream Weaver and Oracle Developer 2000. A solid growth of database applications was still observed in the early 21st century. Three companies continually dominate the database market: Oracle, IBM and Microsoft. In the near future, it is generally seen that databases management will be more sophisticated since huge systems (systems with storage measured in terabytes) are currently existing today. Most of these systems are used by most projects with science databases (genome projects, space exploration data). However, the â€Å"next great thing† on is the usage of XML with Java and other emerging technologies as a way to store data.

Communication Science vs. Semiotics :: Communication Science

Communication Science vs. Semiotics Marcel Danesi says that "communication theorists generally focus more on the study of message-making as a process, whereas semioticians center their attention more on what a message means and on how it creates meaning" (Messages and Meanings: An Introduction to Semiotics, 1994). He implies that both communication science and semiotics are systematic studies of signs. Interestingly, Danesi comments that semiotics studies signification first and communication second. Danesi's definitions and distinctions about communication science and semiotics captured my interest because of the way he draws the line between to areas of study that are very closely related. In this paper I will try to elaborate on those differences. I have to admit that until now I am not completely convinced about the way to distinguish among semiotics and communication science. However, I believe that it is worth the effort. Reflection about these topics will help me and possibly the reader to understand them better. We are in broad information age. The handling of information is definitely the main commercial activity of our days. We are all consumers of information at different levels. Most of us also have to either manage, process, market, deliver or sell information as a way of living. Information is wrapped in all kinds of packages, or better said it is delivered through all kinds of media. All kinds of messages are delivered to all kinds of audiences. Information is the core element of communication science and probably of semiotics as well. I consider information to be the raw material for message construction and the creation of meaning. Signs are a collection of bits and pieces of information. Information is what we decipher from signs. Notice that decoding has to be performed because some sort of coding is always a part of the "creation" of a sign. Even iconic signs which are "a direct representation of a referent" as defined by Danesi, have to be encoded in order to make them deliverable through any given medium. Let us take for example a flower as a referent. An iconic representation of a flower could be a hand drawing, a painting or a color picture. From the least iconic (the drawing) to the most iconic (the color picture) representation coding of information (i.e. shape, texture, color) is necessary to create a sign. A perfume that smells "like" a flower is also an iconic representation of the real object.

Pump Station Management

The software will control many aspects of the gas refueling process including the enabling of each pump for use, starting the pump’s motor, engaging the clutch on each pump which in turn will dispense the gas, displaying the current amount of gas pumped, recording each transaction and archiving the day’s transactions. The use of this control system will reduce the number of tasks the gas station attendant(s) must perform making the attendants making their job easier and possibly reducing the overhead of running the gas station by reducing the number of attendants needed.The use of this system automates many processes such as measuring the amount of gas dispensed and recording the details of each transaction. This system also increases the quality of the gas being dispensed by not allowing a pump to be enabled if the tank that services the pump is below 20%, because of this the sediment in the bottom of the gas storage tank is never pumped into the customer’s car. 3 Overview This Software Requirements Spacification is organized into two main sections: overall description and specific requirements.The overall description section provides information describing general factors that will effect the requirements of the software. The specific requirements section describes in detail the requirements the software must meet. Overall description 1 Product perspective Gasoline Pump Control System is an independent product that is totally self-contained. Below is a diagram which displays how the interfaces interact with one another.

Ojt reaction paper Essay

A. Objectives: General To obtain knowledge in the real situation of the environment of chosen field and acquire experiences that can be used when we become an engineer. Specific  Students will adjust to working, and they will gain invaluable experience that they can take with them as they move forward with future careers and education. To apply the theories and computations that they have learned from the school. It also helps the students to acquire relevant knowledge and skills by performing in actual work setting. To prepare the students in the real life situation of the profession being chosen. B. SCHEDULE/TIMETABLE: C. AREAS OF TRAINING: Training on Estimate Training on Site Inspectioning Training on Punchlisting Training on Supervision of the construction works D. REFERENCE MATERIALS: Simplified Construction Estimate by: Max B. Fajardo Jr. (Third Edition) Planning and Designer’s Handbook by: Max B. Fajardo Jr. (Third Edition) Strength of Materials by: Andrew Pytel and Ferdinand L. Singer (Fourth Edition) VI. PERSONAL EVALUATION OF THE TRAINING PROGRAM 1. Significant Achievements . I have learned many things that supposed to do in site constructing interior layout of the building, like how to do punch listing, inspection of the material to be used in ceiling because there are different acoustic board that is to be used in every part of the room, and doing as-built plan. Those are what I have done in my internship that I consider my achievement in my internship because even though I have encountered difficulties in doing it, I finished the work given to me. 2. Technical skills and new technology learned Since I am in a company that focused on renovation and interior layout I was not able to encounter new technologies rather more on technical skills, just like learning new command in operating auto-cad, doing sketch-up, and as-built plan. And estimating an architectural and structural plan. 3. Equipment, machinery testing apparatus, etc., handled I was not able to handle machinery testing apparatus since I am more on technical works. 4. Experiences with the company personnel Involved in the training My first day as intern is not that easy, mixed with excitement and unexplainable fear, it is my first time to enter the reality of our chosen field. At first, our supervisor oriented me on what to do and exposed to other employees as well. As the days pass by, I learned to adapt new things with this kind of environment. All the staff and engineers are approachable so I can ask them things that I want to know. 5. Strong points Good communication and supervising skills are my strong points. I can handle labourers with different attitudes. 6. Weak points and suggested solutions One of my weak points is that I don’t have the confident of doing things on my own, I always relay to my co-intern because I’m afraid to commit mistakes and be punished. But then as I already adapted to the flow of the work I have learned to do my task on my own. Recommendations: Potential of the company as a training ground During my stay at the company as intern, I can say that it has a potential to be a training ground for an aspiring engineers. There are things that are not taught in school that they taught us, and the thing is that they it is not just based on some book but they actually taught us of what is really happening in an actual situation based on their experience. They gave me task that is related to my course. Suggestions for the improvement of the training program With regards to the training program, I suggest to have a website or e-mail where in we are able to send a day to day or weekly report online. This is for the students to have an easy way of sending and compiling of their day to day activity. In addition, it also help the coordinator to monitor the students under the on the job training programs. Advise to future On-the-Job Trainees As an advice for those who are going to take their On-the-job training, be more attentive to what the trainee is teaching, it might not be necessary for now as a student but as you go along or after you graduated and start to work you can use the knowledge you have obtain during your training.

DESCRIBE, DEMONSTRATE AND ANALYSE HOW LISTENING Essays

DESCRIBE, DEMONSTRATE AND ANALYSE HOW LISTENING Essays DESCRIBE, DEMONSTRATE AND ANALYSE HOW LISTENING Essay DESCRIBE, DEMONSTRATE AND ANALYSE HOW LISTENING Essay DESCRIBE, DEMONSTRATE AND ANALYSE HOW LISTENING SKILLS ARE CENTRAL TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION IN SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE. Listening accomplishments are of critical importance for effectual communicating in societal work pattern. Without these accomplishments, a societal worker would happen it about impossible to run into the demands of their clients. As with any accomplishment, listening accomplishments need to be honed and improved by societal workers over clip and while larning about listening provides valuable penetrations about the procedures implicit in communicating, it is merely in an synergistic environment that a societal worker is genuinely able to prove and better their hearing accomplishments. It is of import that a clear differentiation is made between the listening accomplishments employed in mundane state of affairss and those employed by a trained societal worker. In order to understand the type of listening accomplishments that societal workers are required to use, it is appropriate to look briefly at listening accomplishments, or deficiency thereof, in the context of mundane communicating. Most people communicate in their mundane lives without of all time taking the clip to see the procedures behind that communicating. Without understanding the implicit in procedures involved, people partaking in mundane communicating can be prone to misinterpretations. [ 1 ] One of the grounds for this is that in mundane communicating, what is said takes precedency over what is heard and those that shout the loudest are frequently the 1s that get what they want. As such, it is no surprise that listening accomplishments are undervalued and when person else is talking, the enticement is for the individual non talking, non to listen, but instead to fix their ain soliloquy. As Van Slyke notes, we listen with the purpose to react, alternatively of listening with the purpose to understand. [ 2 ] In societal work pattern nevertheless, effectual hearing accomplishments are of cardinal importance. When covering with sensitive issues and vulnerable clients, the misinterpretations that normally pass without incident in mundane communicating could hold lay waste toing effects. As such, it is of import that societal workers are trained to understand the procedures which underlie effectual communicating. Merely in this manner can societal workers obtain a broader apprehension of what holding and utilizing effectual hearing accomplishments entails. The term listening skills within a societal work context refers to a much broader construct than most laic people would normally tie in with the term. In contrast to the misinterpretations which he sees every bit common to mundane communicating, Parkes advocates an active engagement attack to listening which he so proceeds to specify as entailing, listening with our ears to what is being said and to the tone of voice, listening with our heads to understand the message contained in the words, listening with our eyes to what is being conveyed through the client’s position, bearing and gestures, and listening with our Black Marias to the human being we are seeking to understand. [ 3 ] While this attack provides an easy debut to the construct of active hearing, it fails to supply a societal worker with much in the manner of counsel or aid in seeking to understand the procedures underlying their communicating with a client or with helping them to review their ain public presentation against a checklist of criterions with a position to bettering those accomplishments. In this manner, Parkes attack is small different to a ballad individual being asked to explicate what active hearing agencies to them. Other than supplying a general overview of a holistic attack to listening accomplishments, it does nil to help a societal worker in a practical manner to hone their hearing accomplishments. A much more practical attack to listening accomplishments is provided by Gambrill. She believes that it is of import that societal workers are able to self-assess their hearing accomplishments. [ 4 ] Without being able to self-assess harmonizing to mensurable standards, it becomes excessively easy to believe that effectual hearing accomplishments are merely a trait that some societal workers possess as opposed to a accomplishment that can be developed and improved over clip. Gambrill suggests three standards that allow a societal worker to judge the quality of their hearing accomplishments ; that ( 1 ) clients portion relevant stuff and take part in researching factors related to ailments ; ( 2 ) clients seem comfy ; [ 5 ] and ( 3 ) through the rating of client Sessionss against a suggested checklist: Checklist for Reviewing Listening Skills: Arrange a distraction-free environment. Avoid breaks and speaking for clients ( eg completing their sentences ) . Avoid deflecting idiosyncrasies. Use facial looks that reflect involvement and concern. Use postures that reflect involvement and concern ( relaxed but attentive, oriented towards others ) . Use appropriate oculus contact. Make sure that verbal and non-verbal behaviors agree. Ask inquiries that reflect attending and concern. Use easing siting agreements. Take appropriate stairss to avoid or take obstructions to communicating. Time your paraphrasiss and contemplations good, and pass on an apprehension of what has been said. Use an effectual assortment of responses. Use minimum encourages efficaciously. Indexs of success: Clients offer more relevant stuff. Clients explore new positions of concern and related events. [ 6 ] By supplying the above checklist, Gambrill provides a clear method for societal workers to measure their hearing accomplishments. However, while much of the success of a societal worker’s efforts at effectual communicating will be down to their ain hearing accomplishments, it is of import to retrieve that listening accomplishments are non the lone factor. As noted in the above checklist, environmental factors besides play a big portion. It is hence of import that societal workers plan meetings with their clients in progress to guarantee that external and internal distractions are kept to a lower limit. Practical illustrations of this may be, for case in relation to external distractions, to guarantee that meetings take topographic point in the forenoon as opposed to lunchtime when the noise from work co-workers is more likely to be louder and more distracting ; and in relation to internal distractions, to guarantee that other viing precedences have been addressed prior to the meeting. While these external and internal distractions can neer be to the full avoided, a small forward planning can intend that they are minimised. In general footings, retrieving a checklist of points is non practical for a societal worker prosecuting with a client and can really be a cause of internal distraction if focused on excessively to a great extent. Gambrill does nevertheless propose a simple method for finding whether or non person is utilizing effectual hearing accomplishments. She suggests that the hearer, †¦identify prejudices about clients that may acquire in the manner of effectual hearing by observing what [ they ] think a individual will state at specific points. [ 7 ] Effective hearing accomplishments assist a societal worker to detect the underlying issues which are of concern to their clients. A simple illustration could be that of a kid who lashes out at other kids at school. In a meeting with a societal worker, the kid ab initio attempts to warrant his violent behavior and displays a desire to travel to another school, but one time an empathic bond has been created between the societal worker and the kid, it shortly becomes evident that the kid is holding troubles with reading and his actions result from feelings of embarrassment and insufficiency. Had the societal worker non been willing to listen efficaciously, they may hold accepted the child’s desire to travel to another school at face value which would non hold addressed the implicit in issue. It would hold merely been a impermanent solution and it is likely that following the move to the new school, the child’s form of floging out at other students would return. However, by helping the kid in get the better ofing his jobs with reading, the societal worker would hold assisted in work outing the issue at the nucleus of the child’s violent effusions. Different listening accomplishments may besides be needed in different societal work state of affairss ( Dorfman lists some of the functions that societal workers perform which include ; recommend, pedagogue, counselor, go-between, adviser, research worker and judge [ 8 ] ) and when covering with different clients ( eg immature people, people with disablements and people from different cultural and cultural backgrounds ) . Listening accomplishments are possibly most of import to societal workers when they are carry throughing their function as counselors. In this function, societal workers must demo empathy with the client, guarantee that they feel that they are in a safe environment, be non-judgmental and let the client to experience that they can take hazards and do errors within this environment without reverberations. For state of affairss in which a societal worker is holding trouble promoting a client to speak, Gambrill provides the following troubleshooting checklist : Bash you follow the ask-listen-ask regulation? Bash you offer high-quality hearing? Are you interested in what other people say? Bash you concentrate excessively much on yourself and non plenty on what other people do, experience and believe? Bash you miss or misinterpret societal signals that other people want to talk? Bash you bury to wait a few seconds after other people finish speaking before talking? [ 9 ] Through the usage of simple methods such as nodding in understanding, appropriate oculus contact and positive organic structure linguistic communication, the societal worker can promote an unfastened resonance with a client. In some instances, particularly with younger people, it may be the first clip that person has taken the clip to listen to their ideas and feelings on a given topic. By authorising them to in this manner, a societal worker is able to supply them with the tools needed to show themselves. By taking the clip to actively listen, societal workers are besides able to take notice of extra factors which might non come across in the existent words spoken for case ; the client’s organic structure linguistic communication, reactions and general demeanor. It can besides be used as a tool to quiet clients that are upset as demonstrated by Kinney, Haapala A ; Booth. [ 10 ] The illustrations provided by them do it clear that their doctrine of when in uncertainty, listen [ 11 ] can be rather effectual. In state of affairss in which the societal worker is come ining a extremely charged environment with several persons all viing to be heard, Kinney, Haapala A ; Booth suggest reaching persons by phone prior to the meeting, constructing a relationship and therefore cut downing the force per unit area on the societal worker to necessitate to turn to everyone’s viing precedences all at one time at the face to confront meeting. [ 12 ] They provide the undermentioned illustration to assist exemplify their point: Abbey ( 37 ) , the female parent of 15-year-old Tammy ( the PR ) , who was in having attention when we got the referral, was really angry with her girl and the kid public assistance system when I called to do our first assignment. We talked for about an hr and a half. Most of the clip she was inquiring why – why parents have no power, why childs have all the control, why running off is non a offense, why everybody is faulting the parents. She besides told narratives about Tammy’s past misbehavior, failure to react to her ( and her husband’s ) attempts to better the household state of affairs. For about 45 proceedingss I responded about wholly by active listening – reflecting defeat, embarrassment, choler, disheartenment, confusion. After a clip Abbey began to speak more easy and in a lower tone of voice. She was still inquiring inquiries and at that point I on occasion shared with her my apprehension of the purpose of some policies, Torahs, social workers, etc. , admiting that the system is non perfect, is germinating and sometimes blowbacks. I shared with her that I was her age and that I besides observed generational differences and sometimes found adolescents confounding. By the terminal of our conversation we had made an assignment and in three or four cases Abbey had laughed at something we had said. She apologised for being so angry and stating so many ( harmonizing to her civilization – Asian ) rude things. I assured her that I wanted to hear her existent feelings and that I appreciated her candor and her defeat. We hung up looking frontward to run intoing each other. ( Ellen Douthat ) . [ 13 ] The above illustration raises several interesting points. Even though the conversation took topographic point over the telephone, by actively listening to Abbey, the societal worker was able to promote her to open up and portion more information with her than would hold been the instance had the societal worker merely discussed the issues she was raising with her. Likewise, the societal worker was able to quiet Abbey down and one time that had been achieved, construct a resonance with her which so allowed the societal worker to set a human face to a system which can frequently look dashing and unaccessible. By admiting that the system is non perfect but that it does function an of import intent, the societal worker was able to do Abbey experience that she was non being judged and that she was in a safe environment in which she was able to unburden herself of the defeats that she was experiencing. However, it is of import to observe that listening should, in most instances, be active as opposed to passive. Returning to the illustration set out above, the societal worker in that instance used active hearing to let Abbey to vent her defeats and quiet down. Once she had done so, the societal worker was so able to present other elements into the interaction. The point being that even while listening, the societal worker is actively involved in guaranting that the interaction moves frontward in a structured manner. As Clark et al point out, Listening is non easy. It requires a deep consciousness and at the same clip a suspension of our opinions and above all our biass. It requires openness to change. [ 14 ] One of the chief obstructions to effectual hearing can really be a societal worker’s ain good purposes and opinions. This is peculiarly so in the instance of freshly qualified societal workers who have spent old ages analyzing and are acute to set the theories they have learnt into pattern. In such a instance, a societal worker must seek difficult to avoid seeking to happen a solution at any cost and spend clip finding what the underlying job may be. This can merely be done by actively listening to what the client is stating and accepting that they are a facilitator of alteration as opposed to person who is at that place to enforce alteration from above. Furthermore, the fright of rolling into chartless Waterss may besides deter certain societal workers from using effectual hearing accomplishments. It is frequently much easier to suit a client’s jobs into a standard text book solution than to assist a client unfastened up deeper and less manageable issues. The force per unit areas of limited resources, viing precedences, etc may besides lend to the demand to restrict clip spent with clients. As the usage of listening accomplishments is more clip devouring it is a more expensive usage of resources when it comes to happening short-run solutions. However, when long-run ends and consequences are taken as the step of success, the usage of effectual hearing accomplishments will ever be a more cost effectual usage of resources as it is more likely to turn to the underlying issues which is similarly more likely to so take to an effectual solution. Most clients that come into contact with societal workers have been through traumatic experiences. They may non hold had anyone to turn to and as such may be looking to unburden their experiences onto a impersonal beginning. While there may be some initial blarney and resonance edifice required to do them experience like they are in a safe environment and to assist them open up, one time they feel comfy with the societal worker and look willing to work through their experiences with them, the societal worker should concentrate on utilizing their hearing accomplishments to promote the client. Listening accomplishments remain of critical importance for effectual communicating in societal work pattern. As celebrated above, listening accomplishments, when used efficaciously allow societal workers to accomplish legion aims such as constructing resonance with clients, quieting them if they are experiencing frustrated, promoting them to experience like they are in a safe environment and leting them to show themselves without the fright of embarrassment or reverberations. However, the listening employed by societal workers should be active as opposed to passive and as such, the aims of their interactions with clients should ever steer the societal workers determination of when it is appropriate to listen and when they are required to take the lead. Bibliography Clark, A. , Kjorholt, A. T. A ; Moss, P. ( 2005 ) ,Beyond Listening: Children s Positions on Early Childhood Servicess, The Policy Press Dorfman, R. A. ( 1996 ) , Clinical Social Work: Definition, Practice, and Vision, Brunner/Mazel Inc, New York Galinsky, M. J. ( 2004 ) , Handbook of Social Work With Groups, The Guilford Press, New York Gambrill, E. D. ( 1997 ) , Social Work Practice: A Critical Thinker s Guide, Oxford University Press, New York Edward gibbons, B. J. A ; Hargie, O. ( 2004 ) ,Skilled Interpersonal Communication, 4Thursdayed. , Routledge, East Sussex Kinney, J. , Haapala, D. A ; Booth, C. ( 1991 ) ,Keeping Families Together: The Homebuilders Model, Transaction Pub Maidment, J. A ; Egan, R. ( 2004 ) , Practice Skills in Social Work and Welfare: More Than Merely Common Sense, Allen A ; Unwin, Australia Parkes, C. M. ( 1996 ) , Reding in Terminal Care and Bereavement, BPS Books, Leicester Van Servellen, G. ( 1997 ) , Communication Skills for the Health Care Professional: Concepts and Techniques, Aspen Publishers, Maryland 1